Topic 1 Legislation and Codes for Power Engineers

Learning Outcome

Explain the purpose of, general content of, and interaction with the legislation and codes that pertain to the design and operation of boilers and related equipment.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain Codes and Standards.
2. Explain the purpose and scope of the National Board of Boiler Inspectors (NBBI).
3. Explain the scope of the ASME and state the purpose and general content of the following sections of the the ASME Codes: Section I, II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX.

 

Topic 2 Code Calculations - ASME Section I‌

Learning Outcome

Using the ASME Code ‐ Section I, and ASME Section II D. Table 1A, calculate the design thickness and pressure of boiler tubes, drums, and piping, and calculate the capacities of pressure relief valves.

Learning Objectives

1. Given the tube material specification numbers, and other necessary parameters, use the formulae in PG‐27.2.1 to calculate either the minimum required wall thickness or the maximum allowable working pressure for a boiler tube.
2. Given the material specification, construction method, and other necessary parameters, use the formulae in PG‐27.2.2 to determine the minimum required thickness and or maximum allowable working pressure for boiler drums, headers, or piping.
3. Given the required specifications and operating conditions, use formula PG‐29.1 to calculate the minimum required thickness of a seamless, unstayed dished head.
4. Given the required specifications and operating conditions, use formulae in paragraphs PG‐29.11 and PG‐29.12 to calculate the minimum required thickness of an unstayed, full‐hemispherical head.
5. Using ASME Section I, Paragraphs PG‐67 to PG‐73, identify code information with respect to pressure relief valves and, using Table A‐44, calculate the required pressure relief valve capacity for a given boiler.

 

Topic 3 Fuels, Combustion, and Flue Gas Analysis

Learning Outcome

Explain the properties and combustion of common fuels and the analysis of combustion flue gas.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain/define complete combustion, incomplete combustion, combustion products, and write balanced combustion equations.
2. Explain the purpose and benefits of excess air and calculate the theoretical and excess air required for the complete combustion of a given fuel.
3. Explain proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and heating value of a fuel and describe the use of calorimetry to determine heating value. Explain higher and lower heating values.
4. Given the ultimate analysis of a fuel, use Dulong’s Formula to calculate the heating value of the fuel.
5. Describe the properties, classifications and combustion characteristics of coal.
6. Describe the properties, classifications and combustion characteristics of fuel oil.
7. Describe the properties and combustion characteristics of natural gas.
8. Explain the use and combustion characteristics of alternatives to traditional fossil fuels, including biomass, coke and oil emulsions.
9. Explain the analysis of flue gas for the measurement of O2, CO, and CO2 in relation to combustion efficiency. Describe typical, automatic flue gas analyzers.
10. Explain the formation, monitoring and control of nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur dioxide, and particulates.

 

Topic 4 Piping Design, Connections, Support

Learning Outcome

Discuss the codes, designs, specifications, and connections for ferrous, non‐ferrous and non‐metallic piping and explain expansion and support devices common to piping systems.

Learning Objectives

1. Identify and explain the general scope of the ASME, ANSI, ASTM codes and standards with respect to piping and pipe fittings. Differentiate between power piping (Code B31.1) and pressure piping (Code B31.3).
2. Explain methods of pipe manufacture; size specifications and service ratings, and the material specifications and applications for ferrous pipe.
3. Using pipe specifications and the ASME code Sections I and II you will be able to identify the size of pipe required for a particular installation, process or operating condition.
4. Explain the materials, code specifications and applications of common, non‐ferrous metal piping and cast iron.
5. Describe screwed, welded, and flanged methods of pipe connection and identify the fittings used for each method.
6. Describe the construction, designs, and materials of flange gaskets and explain the confined, semi‐confined, and unconfined flange styles.
7. Explain the materials, construction and approved applications of common, non‐metallic pipe.
8. Explain the effects of temperature on piping; explain the mechanisms and the dangers of expansion in piping systems, including attached equipment.
9. State the purpose and explain the designs, locations and applications of simple and offset U‐bend expansion bends.
10. Describe designs, locations, care and maintenance of slip, corrugated, bellows, hinged, universal, pressure‐balanced, and externally pressurized expansion joints.
11. Describe design, location, operation of pipe support components, including hangers, roller stands, variable spring hangers, constant load hangers, anchors, and guides.

 

Topic 5 Steam Traps, Water Hammer, Insulation

Learning Outcome

Explain the designs and operation of steam trap systems, the causes and prevention of water hammer, and the designs and applications of pipe insulation.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain the dynamics, design, and components of steam/condensate return systems for steam lines and condensing vessels. Explain roles and locations of separators and traps.
2. Describe the design, operation and application of ball float, inverted bucket, thermostatic, bi‐metallic, impulse, controlled disc, and liquid expansion steam traps.
3. Explain the selection, sizing and capacity of steam traps and explain the factors that determine efficient trap operation.
4. Explain the procedures for commissioning, testing, and maintenance of steam traps.
5. Explain and compare condensate‐induced and flow‐induced water hammer in steam and condensate lines. Explain the typical velocities, pressures and damage that can be created in steam/condensate lines due to water hammer.
6. Describe specific trap and condensate return arrangements that are designed to prevent water hammer in steam and condensate lines.
7. State precautions that must be observed to prevent water hammer and describe a typical steam system start‐up procedure that will prevent water hammer.
8. State the purposes of insulation and explain the properties required for a good insulating material. Explain thermal conductivity, K‐Factor and R‐Value.
9. Identify the most common industrial insulating materials, describe the composition and characteristics of each, and explain in what service each would be used.
10. Describe common methods for applying insulation to piping and equipment, including wrap and clad, blanket, insulated covers and boxes. Explain the care of insulation and cladding and the importance of maintaining good condition.

 

Topic 6 Valves and Actuators

Learning Outcome

Describe the designs, configurations and operation of the common valve designs that are used in power and process piping.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain the factors that determine the suitability and applications of the major valve styles; gate, globe, ball, plug, butterfly and needle.
2. Explain the factors that determine the selection of valve materials, and describe examples of typical valve body and trim materials. How are common control valves identified?
3. Describe the configurations and applications for gate valves, including gate designs (solid, split, flexible, sliding), stem configurations (rising, non‐rising, outside screw‐and‐yoke, inside screw), and bonnet designs (flanged, screwed, welded).
4. Describe the designs and applications of globe valves, including conventional disc, composition disc, plug‐type disc, and angle valves. Describe high‐pressure plug‐type control valves.
5. Describe the designs, application and operation of single‐seated and double‐seated balance valves. Explain caged trim for balanced control valves.
6. Describe the designs and applications of typical plug valves, including tapered and cylindrical plug, four‐ way, eccentric, and jacketed.
7. Describe the designs and configurations for mixing and diverter valves.
8. Describe the designs and operation of diaphragm valves.
9. Describe designs and operation of butterfly valves, including vertical, horizontal, swing‐through, lined, and high‐performance.
10. Describe the design, application, and operation of gear, motor, air‐diaphragm, and air‐piston actuators for valves.

 

Topic 7 AC Theory and Machines

Learning Outcome

Explain formation and characteristics of AC power, and describe the design, construction and operating principles of AC generators, motors and transformers.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain the creation of single phase and three‐phase alternating power; define cycle, frequency and phase relationships (voltage/current) for AC sine waves.
2. Define the following terms and explain their relationships in an ac circuit: capacitance, inductance, reactance, impedance, power factor, alternator ratings (kVA and kW).
3. Describe the stator and rotor designs, operation, and applications for salient pole and cylindrical rotor

   alternators

    

4. Describe water, air and hydrogen cooling systems for large generators.
5. Explain parallel operation of alternators and state the requirements for synchronization. Describe manual and automatic synchronization.
6. Describe the design, applications and operating principles for large three‐phase squirrel cage and wound rotor induction motors.
7. Describe the design and operating principle of synchronous motors.
8. Explain variable speed control, variable speed starting, and step starting for large induction motors.
9. Explain the principles and applications of power transformation. Perform transformer calculations.
10. Describe the designs and components of typical core and shell type transformers, including cooling components.

     

    Topic 8 AC Systems, Switchgear, Safety

    Learning Outcome

    Identify the components of typical AC systems and switchgear and discuss safety around electrical systems and equipment.

    Learning Objectives

    1. Using a one‐line electrical drawing, identify the layout of a typical industrial AC power system with multiple generators, and explain the interaction of the major components.
    2. Explain the function of the typical gages, meters, and switches on an AC generator panel.
    3. Explain the purpose and function of the circuit protective and switching equipment associated with an AC generator: fuses, safety switches, circuit breakers, circuit protection relays, automatic bus switchover, grounding and lightning arrestors.
    4. Explain the components and operation of a typical Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) system.
    5. Explain safety procedures and precautions that must be exercised when working around and operating electrical system components. Explain grounding.

 

Topic 9 Electrical Calculations

Learning Outcome

Define terms and perform simple calculations involving DC and AC power circuits.

Learning Objectives

1. Use Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws to calculate current, resistance or voltage drop in series or parallel multi‐resistor circuits.
2. Calculate unknown resistances using a Wheatstone Bridge circuit.
3. Explain and perform calculations involving electrical power, work and energy.
4. Calculate the frequency, period and phase angle for an AC sine wave.
5. Define terms and calculate the peak‐to‐peak, root mean square, and maximum values for AC voltage and current.
6. Given required parameters, calculate the inductive reactance, capacitive reactance, total reactance, and impedance for an AC circuit, plus circuit frequency and current flow.
7. Calculate real power, imaginary power and power factor for an AC circuit.
8. Given the load, voltage and power factor of a 3‐phase generator, calculate the kVA and kW ratings of the generator.

 

Topic 10 Control Loops and Strategies

Learning Outcome

Explain the operation and components of pneumatic, electronic and digital control loops, and discuss control modes and strategies.

Learning Objectives

1. Describe the operation, components and terminologies for a typical control loop.
2. Describe the operation and components of a purely pneumatic control loop. Explain the function of each component.
3. Describe the operation and components of an analog/electronic control loop. Explain the function of each component.
4. Describe the operation and components of a digital control loop. Explain the function of each component.
5. Explain the purpose, operation, and give examples of on‐off, proportional, proportional‐plus‐reset, and proportional‐plus‐reset‐plus‐derivative control. Define proportional band and gain.
6. Describe and give typical examples of feed forward, feed back, cascade, ratio, split‐range, and select control.
7. Explain, with examples, the purpose and incorporation of alarms and shutdowns into a control loop/ system.
8. Explain the interactions that occur and the interfaces that exist between an operator and the various components of a control loop/system, including the components of a controller interface.

Topic 1 Watertube Boiler Designs Learning Outcome

Describe common designs, configurations and circulation patterns for modern bent‐tube watertube boilers and steam generators and explain how boilers are rated.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain the difference between packaged, shop assembled, and field‐erected watertube boilers. Explain how boilers are rated.
2. Explain the process of water circulation in a watertube boiler and the factors that influence circulation.
3. Identify examples of and describe the A, O, and D design configurations and explain the water and gas circulation patterns for each. Define integral furnace.
4. Define a steam‐generating unit, identify oil and gas‐fired units, and explain the components, heating surfaces, and flow patterns through a typical unit. State typical temperatures throughout the unit.
5. Differentiate between critical and super‐critical boilers.
6. Explain the purpose and advantage of forced circulation and describe the flow through a typical controlled circulation boiler.
7. Explain the purpose and design of a once‐through boiler.

 

Topic 2 Special Boiler Designs

Learning Outcome

Describe the designs, components, firing methods, and operating considerations for some special boilers used in industry.

Learning Objectives

1. Describe typical designs, components and operating strategies for once‐through, steam flood boilers.
2. Describe typical designs, components and operating strategies for Fluidized Bed boilers.
3. Describe typical designs, components and operating strategies for Heat Recovery Steam Generators.
4. Describe typical designs, components and operating strategies for Black Liquor Recovery boilers used in pulp mills.
5. Describe typical designs, components and operating strategies for Refuse boilers used in waste disposal.
6. Describe typical designs, components and operating strategies for waste heat, biomass boilers.

 

Topic 3 Boiler Construction

Learning Outcome

Explain Code requirements, in general terms, and describe construction and assembly methods for the major components of a large boiler.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain top and bottom support and describe the support techniques for various components of a large boiler, including lateral supports for furnace walls. Explain allowances for expansion.
2. Explain the purpose, design, locations and installation methods for boiler casing insulation, refractory, and cladding.
3. Describe the methods used to fabricate boiler tubes.
4. Describe the preparation, fabrication, and testing of boiler drums.
5. Describe methods of attaching tubes to drums and headers, including expanding and welding, and explain where each method would be used.
6. Explain code requirements/sizes for, and describe the designs and installation of, manholes and handholes, including welded handholes. Explain procedures for removing and installing covers.
7. Describe the field assembly of a large boiler or steam generating unit.

 

Topic 4 Boiler Heat Transfer Components‌

Learning Outcome

Explain the purpose, location, design and operating conditions for the major heat transfer components of a large watertube boiler or steam generator.

Learning Objectives

1. Describe baffle designs and locations and explain their significance to boiler heat transfer.
2. Describe the designs of integral furnace sidewall and header arrangements, including tube‐and‐tile, tangent tube, and membrane.
3. Define primary, secondary, convection, radiation, platen, and pendant as they apply to superheaters. Describe the locations of superheaters within a steam generator and state the operating characteristics of convection and radiant superheaters.
4. Explain the purpose and design of a separately‐fired superheater.
5. Explain the purpose and describe the locations of reheaters. Explain the position of and flow through the reheater in relation to the superheaters.
6. Describe designs and locations for integral and separate economizers.
7. Describe the designs, operation, and location of plate, tubular, and rotary regenerative air heaters.
8. Explain operating care and considerations that must be given to the various heat transfer sections of the boiler.
9. Explain a typical water and gas temperature profile through a large steam generating unit.

 

Topic 5 High Pressure Boiler Fittings

Learning Outcome

Describe the design and operation of common external and internal fittings attached to the pressure side of a high‐ pressure boiler.

Learning Objectives

1. Describe the design, installation, operation, and setting of a high‐pressure pressure relief valve. Explain the Code requirements for size, capacity and locations of the pressure relief valves on a boiler.
2. Describe the code requirements for boiler pressure gages, including attachment and locations.
3. Describe common designs, connections and components of high‐pressure water columns and flat gage glasses, including illumination and quick shut‐off devices and bulls‐eye glasses. Explain testing and maintenance of a high‐pressure gage glass.
4. Describe the float and probe designs for low‐water fuel cutoffs and explain how these are tested.
5. Describe boiler steam outlet arrangements and fittings including gate, angle, and globe stop valves and globe, Y, angle, and spring‐cushioned non‐return valves.
6. Describe manual blowoff piping arrangements. Describe the design and operation of sliding disc, seatless sliding plunger, seat and disc, and combination valves. Explain manual blowoff procedures. Describe the requirements for a blowoff tank.
7. Explain the components of the steam drum internals of a watertube boiler. Describe the design and operation of various steam separation devices, including baffles, primary and secondary separators, and scrubbers.

 

Topic 6 Burner Designs and Supply Systems

Learning Outcome

Describe the typical components of fuel supply systems and describe common burner/furnace designs for gas, oil, and coal‐fired boilers.

Learning Objectives

1. Describe a complete fuel gas supply system from fuel gas header to burner and explain the function of each component, including control and shut‐off valves, auto‐vents, and instruments. State the typical operating pressures.
2. Describe the design and operation of spud and ring burners, and explain high‐efficiency, low NOX designs.
3. Describe a complete fuel oil supply system from storage tanks to burners and explain the function of each system component.
4. Describe the design and operation of air, steam, and mechanical atomizing burners.
5. Describe a coal supply system from stockpiles to burners for a typical pulverized coal furnace.
6. Describe the design and operation of a pulverized coal burner and explain turbulent vertical, tangential, and cyclone furnaces.
7. Describe the design and operation of ball, impact, ball‐race, and bowl mill pulverizers.
8. Describe the designs and operation of underfeed, overfeed, and crossfeed stokers for furnaces burning solid fuels.

 

Topic 7 Boiler Draf t and Flue Gas Equipment

Learning Outcome

Explain boiler draft systems and fans and describe the equipment used to remove ash from flue gas.

Learning Objectives

1. Define and explain the applications and designs of natural, forced, induced and balanced draft.
2. Explain how draft is measured, monitored, and controlled in a large, balanced draft boiler. Explain the position of control dampers.
3. Describe typical draft fan designs, single and double inlet arrangements, and explain methods used to control fan output.
4. Explain the start‐up and running checks that must be made on draft fans.
5. Describe typical windbox and air louver arrangements and distinguish between primary and secondary air.
6. Describe the design and operation of flue gas particulate clean‐up equipment, including mechanical and electrostatic precipitators and baghouse filters.
7. Describe the design and operation of ash handling systems, including hydro and air systems, bottom ash systems, and scraper conveyor systems.
8. Describe the designs and operation of SO2 recovery systems, including lime and wet gas scrubbing.

 

Topic 8 Boiler Control Systems‌

Learning Outcome

Explain the components and operation of automatic control systems for boiler water level, combustion, steam temperature, and start‐up.

Learning Objectives

1. Describe on‐off and single element control of boiler feedwater.
2. Explain swell and shrinkage in a boiler. Describe the components and operation of a two‐element feedwater control system, explaining the interaction of the controllers.
3. Describe the components and operation of a three‐element feedwater control system.
4. Describe the components and operation of a direct combustion control system.
5. Describe the components and operation of a ‘steam flow – airflow’ combustion control system.
6. Describe the components and operation of a ‘fuel flow – airflow’ combustion control system.
7. Describe the components and operation of an ‘airflow – fuel flow’ combustion control system.
8. Describe the components and operation of a multi‐element combustion control system.
9. Describe steam temperature control methods and equipment, including attemperation (desuperheating), gas recirculation, gas bypass, and tilting burners.
10. Describe the automatic, programmed start‐up sequence for a gas‐fired boiler.

 

 

Topic 9 Boiler Procedures‌

Learning Outcome

Describe common procedures in the operation and maintenance of high pressure boilers.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain the steps involved in the commissioning of a new boiler or before starting a boiler after major repairs, including:
1. hydrostatic test
2. external and internal inspections
3. drying out refractory
4. boiling out
5. testing shutdowns and safety devices
2. Describe the wet and dry methods when laying up a boiler for an extended time, including nitrogen blanketing.
3. Describe the proper shut down and preparation of a boiler for internal inspection.
4. Describe a thorough inspection of the water and furnace sides of a boiler.
5. Describe typical equipment and procedures for cleaning the water side of a boiler:
   1. mechanically
   2. chemically
6. Explain routine tasks and visual monitoring that the operator must perform on a large operating boiler.
7. Explain the procedures and precautions that an operator must exercise to avoid furnace and pressure‐side explosions.
8. Describe sootblowing systems and describe the procedures for operating sootblowers.

 

Topic 10 Internal Water Treatment for Boilers

Learning Outcome

Discuss internal water treatment methods and systems for the control of scale, corrosion, and carryover and explain testing and monitoring strategies.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain the causes and effects of boiler scale; explain the most common internal methods of scale control, including phosphate treatment, chelate treatment, sludge conditioning and dispersion.
2. Explain the causes and effects of boiler and condensate return line corrosion; explain treatment methods for acidic, caustic, oxygen, and carbon dioxide corrosion, including sulphite, hydrazine, and amine treatment.
3. Explain the mechanical and chemical causes, effects and types of carryover; explain methods of carryover control, including the use of antifoam and blowdown.
4. Describe the design and explain the operation of simple blowdown, heat recovery, and automatic blowdown systems.
5. Explain, in general terms, the sampling and testing strategies for boiler internal conditions; describe typical sampling and automatic monitoring equipment.
6. Describe typical chemical feed systems, including pot feeders, continuous feed with day tanks, and continuous feed with pump tanks.

 

Topic 11 Boiler Water Pretreatment

Learning Outcome

Explain the purpose, principles, equipment, and monitoring of boiler water pretreatment processes.

Learning Objectives

1. Describe the design and explain the terms, purpose and operation of a clarifier, using coagulation, flocculation, and subsidence.
2. Describe the design and explain the terms, purpose and operation of gravity and pressure filters.
3. Describe the design and explain the terms, purpose and operation, including chemical reactions for a cold lime softener.
4. Describe the design and explain the terms, purpose and operation of a hot lime softener.
5. Explain the principles of ion exchange softening in general, identifying the common anions and cations in untreated water.
6. Describe the design, components, and operation of a sodium zeolite softening system including chemical reactions.
7. Describe the design, components, and operation of a hydrogen zeolite softening system including chemical reactions.
8. Describe the design, components, and operation of a dealkalization system including chemical reactions.
9. Describe the design, components, and operation of a demineralizer system, including mixed bed and degasification.
10. Explain the principle and operation of a reverse osmosis system.
11. Describe the design, principle, and operation controls of a typical deaerator.

 

Topic 12 Pressure Vessels‌

Learning Outcome

Explain pressure vessel design, stresses, and operating considerations.

Learning Objectives

1. Define “pressure vessel” and explain, in general terms, how pressure vessels are regulated in design, construction and repair (including purpose of Section VIII, ASME).
2. Explain the stamping/nameplate requirements for pressure vessels and identify terms and specifications on a typical nameplate.
3. Describe the weld locations on a typical pressure vessel and identify head designs, including ellipsoidal, torispherical, hemispherical, conical, and toriconical.
4. Describe acceptable nozzle attachment methods, including reinforcements; describe inspection openings.
5. Explain the loads that contribute to stresses in pressure vessels, including pressure, thermal, attachments, static, wind, seismic, and cyclic loads.
6. Explain the components and fittings of a typical pressure vessel.
7. Explain operating and maintenance considerations for the safe operation of pressure vessels, including the appropriate use of hydrostatic and pneumatic testing.

Topic 1 Steam Turbine Auxiliaries and Operation Learning Outcome

Describe auxiliary support and control systems for steam turbines and explain start‐up and shutdown procedures.

Learning Objectives

1. Describe typical lube oil systems for small and large steam turbines.
2. Explain the purpose and describe the design and operation of barring gear and jacking oil systems on a large turbine.
3. Describe a condensing turbine circuit and explain typical operating parameters.
4. Explain and state the applications, where applicable, of the following governor types: speed‐sensitive, pressure‐sensitive, nozzle, throttle, and bypass. Explain governor droop and isochronous control.
5. Explain the operation and the major components of the three main speed‐sensitive governor systems: mechanical, mechanical‐hydraulic, and electronic‐hydraulic.
6. Explain the operation and describe the components of typical mechanical and electronic overspeed trip systems.
7. Explain the sequence followed for the cold start‐up and the shutdown of a non‐condensing steam turbine.
8. Explain the sequence followed for the cold start‐up and the shutdown of a condensing and extracting steam turbine.

 

Topic 2 Turbine Condenser Systems

Learning Outcome

Explain typical designs, components and operating principles of steam turbine condensers.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain the purposes of a turbine condenser in a steam plant cycle and describe a typical condensing circuit, with operating temperatures and pressures.
2. Explain the design, operation and applications of the jet condenser, including the ejector type.
3. Explain the design, operation and applications of the surface condenser, including air cooled and water‐ cooled, down flow and central flow.
4. Describe construction details for surface condensers, including shells, tube attachment, supports, and allowances for expansion.
5. Explain the effects of air in a condenser and describe the design and operation of single and two‐stage air ejectors. Explain the detection of condenser air leaks. Explain vacuum pumps.
6. Explain the devices and operating considerations used to protect a condenser against high backpressure, high condensate level, and cooling water contamination. Describe a cooling water leak test.
7. Describe the operating conditions and corresponding design considerations for condensate extraction pumps and cooling water pumps.
8. Describe a feed water heater system in conjunction with a steam condenser and explain the designs of low‐pressure and high‐pressure feed water heaters.

 

 

Topic 3 Gas Turbine Principles and Designs

Learning Outcome

Explain common designs, major components, operating principles, and arrangements for industrial gas turbines.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain gas turbine advantages and disadvantages, background and industrial applications. Identify the types of gas turbines, their major components and describe the operating principles of a simple gas turbine.
2. Explain single and dual shaft arrangements for gas turbines. Describe open cycle and closed cycle operation.
3. Describe a typical open cycle gas turbine installation, including buildings or enclosures, intake and exhaust systems, auxiliary systems, and reducing gear.
4. Explain the efficiency and rating of gas turbines and describe the purpose and applications of gas turbine cycle improvements, including intercooling, regenerating, reheating and combined cycle.
5. Describe various aspects of compressor design and centrifugal and axial types of compressors.
6. Describe the types, operation, components and arrangements of combustors.
7. Describe turbine section design and operation especially with respect to blading and materials.
8. Explain the types and functions of the control systems and instrumentation needed for gas turbine operation.
9. Explain the typical operating parameters of a gas turbine; describe the effects of compressor inlet temperature, compressor discharge pressure, and turbine inlet temperature on gas turbine performance.

 

Topic 4 Gas Turbine Auxiliaries and Operation

Learning Outcome

Describe the support auxiliaries for a gas turbine and explain common operational, control and maintenance procedures.

Learning Objectives

1. Describe the types of bearings used in a gas turbine and explain the components, operation, protective devices and routine maintenance of a typical lube oil system.
2. Describe and explain the operation and routine maintenance of a typical fuel gas supply system for a gas turbine.
3. Describe and explain the operation and routine maintenance of a typical fuel oil supply system for a gas turbine.
4. Explain the control of NOX from a gas turbine and describe the purpose and operation of water/steam injection and dry low NOX systems.
5. Explain the purpose, location and operation of the gas turbine starting motor and turning gear.
6. Describe the compressor intake and the turbine exhaust components.
7. Describe the preparation and complete start‐up sequence for a gas turbine.
8. Describe the shutdown sequence and procedure for a gas turbine.
9. Explain the purpose and describe typical on‐line and off‐line waterwash procedures for gas turbine blades.

 

Topic 5 Cogeneration Systems and Operation

Learning Outcome

Explain cogeneration and describe common configurations, components and applications.

Learning Objectives

1. Define cogeneration and explain its purpose, advantages, and applications.
2. Explain the components and operation of simple‐cycle cogeneration systems.
3. Explain the components and operation of combined‐cycle, gas/steam turbine cogeneration systems.
4. Explain the components and operation of a fully fired, combined‐cycle cogeneration system.
5. Explain single‐shaft and dual‐shaft combined‐cycle power plants.
6. Explain the general control strategies and components, for both power and steam production, including diverter and duct burner operation.
7. Describe the various designs of heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) and explain their industrial applications.
8. Explain the environmental considerations and techniques in the operation of a cogeneration system.
9. Describe typical cogeneration systems that use internal combustion engines (gas or diesel) and heat recovery water heaters (HRWHs).
10. Explain a typical start‐up procedure for a combined cycle cogeneration system.

 

Topic 6 Compressor Theory and Designs

Learning Outcome

Explain the classification, designs, and operating principles of industrial air and gas compressors.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain compressor terminologies, including compression ratio, capacity, staging, intercooling and aftercooling. Explain the effects of moisture in compressed gases. Explain the effects of altitude on the compression process.
2. Describe the operation and common arrangements of reciprocating compressors, including single‐ acting, double‐acting, and tandem arrangements.
3. Identify the components of a reciprocating compressor and describe the operation of plate and channel valves.
4. Describe internal and external lubrication systems for reciprocating compressors.
5. Describe the design and explain the operating principles of rotary compressors, including sliding vane, rotary lobe, and rotary screw.
6. Identify the components and controls for a packaged industrial screw compressor.
7. Describe designs and principles of centrifugal compressors/blowers, including single and multi‐stage designs.
8. Describe designs and principles of axial compressors/blowers.

 

Topic 7 Compressor Auxiliaries and Operation

Learning Outcome

Explain the controls and system auxiliaries for a typical instrument air system and explain startup procedures for air compressors.

Learning Objectives

1. Describe the control devices and strategies for air compressors, including start‐and‐stop, variable speed, constant speed; describe pilot and unloader devices.
2. Explain the design and operation of an anti‐surge system for a dynamic compressor.
3. Describe the designs of water and air‐cooled aftercoolers and intercoolers, with separators.
4. Describe the components, arrangement, and parameters of a typical, complete instrument air system, including wet and dry receivers, dryers.
5. Describe the components and operating principles and sequences of instrument air dryers. Explain dewpoint monitoring of air systems.
6. Describe the design, fittings, and operating consideration for air receivers.
7. Explain the start‐up procedure for a positive displacement compressor.
8. Explain the start‐up procedure for a dynamic compressor/blower.

 

Topic 8 Refrigeration Principles and Systems

Learning Outcome

Explain the classification and properties of refrigerants and describe the operating principles and components of compression and absorption systems.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain the required properties of a refrigerant and describe the six group classifications for refrigerants. Identify the properties of common refrigerants.
2. Explain the ammonia compression refrigeration cycle, explaining the purpose of each major component and stating typical pressures and temperatures in the system.
3. Explain direct and indirect refrigeration. Describe a centrifugal compression system, using chilled water.
4. Describe and explain the operation of a two‐stage, duplex compressor system with a brine cooler.
5. Describe and explain the operation of a two‐stage refrigeration system with a rotary booster compressor.
6. Describe and explain the operation of a low‐temperature multi‐stage refrigeration system.
7. Explain the components and operating principle of an ammonia absorption system.

 

Topic 9 Refrigeration Auxiliaries and Operation

Learning Outcome

Explain control and safety devices on a compression refrigeration system and explain procedures and equipment to control oil, non‐condensables, moisture, refrigerant, and brine.

Learning Objectives

1. Explain the purpose, design and operation of the following controls on a compression refrigeration system: expansion valve, low‐side float, high‐side float, compressor controls (temperature and pressure‐ actuated), and condenser cooling water control.
2. Explain the purpose of the following refrigeration system safety devices: high‐pressure cutout, oil pressure cutout and pressure relief devices.
3. Explain the effects of oil in ammonia and Freon systems and describe the location and operation of an oil separator and oil still. Explain how oil is manually drained from these systems.
4. Explain the effects and location of non‐condensable gases. Describe the operation of manual and automatic purge devices.
5. Explain the effects of moisture in a refrigeration system and describe its removal.
6. Explain leak testing of a system and describe the procedure for adding refrigerant.
7. Explain the principles of brine control in an indirect system and explain the procedures for charging and controlling brine strength.
8. Explain refrigeration safety and environmental issues.

 

Topic 10 Heat Exchangers and Cooling Towers‌

Learning Outcome

Describe the design, operation, and applications of various types of industrial heat exchangers.

Learning Objectives

1. Describe double pipe heat exchangers, including jacketed pipe, U‐tube, and concentric pipe designs.
2. Describe shell‐and‐tube heat exchangers including fixed straight tube and U‐tube designs. Describe common front and rear head designs, shell flow configurations, and explain the purpose of baffles.
3. Explain the operation and the typical fittings/equipment on the steam/condensate side of a reboiler and a feed water heater.
4. Describe the design and operation of a plate‐and‐frame exchanger.
5. Describe the design and components of overhead, aerial coolers, including fan and cooler arrangements. Explain cooler control
6. Describe the design and components, including controls, of an overhead, aerial condenser. Explain condenser operation, control and precautions when used to condense excess steam.
7. Describe the design and explain the operation of natural draft cooling towers, including atmospheric and hyperbolic styles

7 Describe the design and operation of mechanical draft cooling towers, including forced draft, induced draft counterflow, and induced draft crossflow.

 

Topic 11 Fired Heaters‌

Learning Outcome

Describe the design, components, operation, and applications of direct‐fired and indirect‐fired natural draft process heaters.

Learning Objectives

1. Describe the common process applications for direct‐fired heaters. Explain direct‐fired heater designs and classifications.
2. Describe the design, identify the tube banks and explain the fluid and combustion gas flows through a multi‐burner, vertical fired heater.
3. Describe typical burner designs and configurations, identifying burner components, including air registers, pilots, and flame scanners. Describe burner operation.
4. Describe the fuel gas supply system to the burners and explain the purpose of the major fittings.
5. Describe the monitoring, control, and shutdown devices on a typical heater.
6. Explain heater start‐up procedure, including the lighting of additional burners once flame is established. Explain heater shutdown procedure.
7. Describe the design, components and operation of a typical horizontal, indirect‐fired heater such as a salt bath heater.
8. Explain start‐up and shutdown procedures for an indirect‐fired heater.

 

Topic 12 Wastewater Treatment

Learning Outcome

Explain the purpose, designs, processes and control of industrial wastewater treatment.

Learning Objectives

1. State the purpose of wastewater treatment, list typical waste liquids, and explain the legislation and permitting, including parameters, for the disposal of wastewater.
2. Sketch an industrial wastewater treatment system and describe the processes that occur at each stage of treatment.
3. Describe the equipment and process involved in the removal of suspended solids from wastewater, including screening, flotation, and sedimentation.
4. Describe the equipment and process involved in the removal of colloidal solids from wastewater, including chemical coagulation, flocculation, and clarification.
5. Describe the equipment and process involved in the biological removal of solids from wastewater, including activated sludge, rotating biological contactors, and trickling filters.
6. Describe the control strategy for a wastewater treatment system. Define and explain the control of and sampling points for the main control parameters, including nutrients, BOD, COD, pH, and settle ability.

    

   Topic 13 Plant Maintenance and Administration

   Learning Outcome

   Explain typical components of maintenance and administration programs for utilities and process facilities.

   Learning Objectives

   1. Explain typical communication and accountability structures within a large facility, including theresponsibilities for external communication.
   2. Describe the typical components and responsibilities of scheduled and preventive maintenancemanagement programs.
   3. Explain the importance and extent of record keeping and describe the quality and content requirements for operating logbooks and records.
   4. Using a complete boiler turnaround and inspection as an example, describe project management usingtwo methods, Gantt Chart and critical path.
   5. Explain the importance of procedures in the operation of a facility and describe the application ofwell‐written procedures to personnel training and daily operation.
   6. Explain typical environmental monitoring and management programs for operating facilities.