This Curriculum is intended to assist candidates studying for the Water Treatment Plant Manager Examination.
Recommended Study Program:
It is recommended that, before undertaking this examination, the candidate completes Power Engineering Course of study, offered through a recognized and approved technical institute or training provider which addresses the Syllabus - Curriculum Outline.
Topic 1 Rankine and Brayton Cycles
Learning Outcome
Discuss the application of the Rankine and Brayton cycles to a power plant.
Learning Objectives
- Explain heat engines and their application to a steam power plant.
- Explain the Rankine Cycle using a steam temperature‐entropy diagram.
- Evaluate a Rankine Cycle power plant in terms of efficiency, work ratio, specific steam consumption, isentropic efficiency and efficiency ratio.
- Explain the Rankine Cycle improvements that can be incorporated into a power plant.
- Explain the Brayton Cycle and its application to a gas turbine.
- Explain the Brayton Cycle using pressure‐volume and temperature‐entropy diagrams.
- Evaluate a Brayton Cycle power plant in terms of temperatures, work output, and efficiency.
- Explain the Brayton Cycle improvements that can be incorporated into a power plant.
- Describe the design, layout, and advantages of a gas turbine / steam turbine combined cycle plant.
- Explain the total energy concept as it applies to a power plant.
Topic 2 Thermodynamics of Steam
Learning Outcome
Perform calculations for thermodynamic cycles of steam.
Learning Objectives
- Describe the basis for non‐flow processes of vapors.
- Explain the constant volume process for steam and calculate heat supplied, work done and internal energy.
- Explain the constant pressure process for steam and calculate heat supplied, work done and internal energy.
- Explain the constant temperature process for steam and calculate heat supplied and work done.
- Calculate steam entropy given the steam conditions.
- Explain the significance of a Temperature‐Entropy diagram for steam.
- Explain the reversible adiabatic process for steam and calculate work done and internal energy.
- Explain the significance of a Mollier chart for steam.
Topic 3 Steady Flow Process Calculations
Learning Outcome
Perform steady flow process calculations for vapors and gases.
Learning Objectives
- Describe the steady‐flow energy equation and calculate the work done in a steady‐flow process.
- Calculate the power consumed in a steady‐flow process.
- Explain the principle of conservation of energy and supersaturation as they apply to a nozzle and calculate nozzle inlet and outlet velocities.
- Calculate the initial dryness fraction of steam in a throttling process.
- Determine, using a Mollier Chart, the quality, enthalpy, and entropy of steam entering a calorimeter.
- Calculate energy transfer, work done, and power produced in a steam turbine.
- Calculate the heat lost, surface area, required cooling water flow, and heat transfer coefficient in a steam condenser.
- Define and calculate availability and effectiveness in the context of the steady‐flow processes.
Topic 4 Thermodynamics of Perfect Gases
Learning Outcome
Perform calculations for thermodynamic cycles of perfect gases.
Learning Objectives
- Review the behavior of perfect gases.
- Explain Joule’s law and its significance.
- Calculate the heat added or rejected by a mass of perfect gas under changing temperature and pressure conditions.
- Explain the isothermal cycle using a pressure‐volume diagram and calculate heat rejected and work done using a perfect gas as the working fluid.
- Explain the reversible adiabatic cycle using a pressure‐volume diagram and calculate work done, final volume, and final temperature using a perfect gas as the working fluid.
- Calculate work done in a polytropic cycle using a perfect gas as the working fluid.
- Using the heat energy equation, calculate the efficiency of a polytropic compression process for a perfect gas.
- Explain the Gibbs‐Dalton law and calculate the work done and heat flow per kilogram when a gas mixture is expanded.
Topic 5 Expansion and Heat Transfer
Learning Outcome
Perform calculations for expansion and heat transfer.
Learning Objectives
- Explain how thermal expansion and contraction is allowed for in boiler and piping design.
- Calculate the linear and volumetric expansion of a header or pipe, given internal temperature conditions.
- Calculate heat transfer by conduction.
- Calculate the heat flow through a compound insulated wall.
- Calculate the thickness of insulation required to maintain a given temperature gradient.
Topic 6 Refrigeration Calculations
Learning Outcome
Perform thermodynamic calculations for a refrigeration system.
Learning Objectives
- Explain the Carnot Cycle as it applies to refrigeration using temperature‐entropy and pressure‐enthalpy diagrams.
- Calculate the Carnot coefficient of performance of a refrigeration system and a heat pump system.
- Calculate the refrigerating effect of a refrigeration system.
- Calculate the coefficient of performance of a refrigeration system and a heat pump system.
- Demonstrate graphically, using temperature‐enthalpy diagrams, the effect on refrigeration capacity of using a throttle valve in place of an expansion machine, of superheating at the compressor inlet, of undercooling the condensed refrigerant, and of using a flash chamber.
- Calculate the mass flow of refrigerant in a system.
- Calculate the swept volume of a compressor cylinder, given its volumetric efficiency.
- Calculate the power requirement of a refrigerant compressor.
Topic 1 Lifting Machines
Learning Outcome
Perform calculations for lifting machines.
Learning Objectives
- Calculate velocity ratio, mechanical advantage, efficiency, effort and maximum load for lifting machines.
- Calculate velocity ratio, mechanical advantage, efficiency, effort and maximum load of a differential pulley block.
- Calculate velocity ratio, mechanical advantage, efficiency, effort and maximum load of a worm gear and worm wheel.
- Calculate velocity ratio, mechanical advantage, efficiency, effort and maximum load of a worm‐driven screw jack.
- Calculate velocity ratio, mechanical advantage, efficiency, effort and maximum load of a turnbuckle.
- Calculate velocity ratio, mechanical advantage, efficiency, effort and maximum load of a hydraulic jack.
Learning Outcome
Perform calculations involving potential energy, kinetic energy, and momentum of bodies in linear and rotating motion.
Learning Objectives
- Define potential and kinetic energy.
- Calculate the potential energy of a compressed spring.
- Describe the behavior of a spring‐mass system and calculate the maximum compression of a spring caused by contact with a moving mass.
- Describe the effect of friction losses on potential and kinetic energy.
- Define linear momentum and calculate the coefficient of restitution.
- Calculate the kinetic energy and velocity of an elastic head‐on collision.
- Define angular momentum and calculate the changes in momentum of rotating shafts.
- Calculate the kinetic energy and velocity of a rotating shaft.
- Calculate the time required to change the rotational velocity of a shaft.
Topic 3 Centripetal Force and Acceleration
Learning Outcome
Perform calculations involving centripetal and centrifugal forces.
Learning Objectives
- Calculate the centripetal acceleration of a rotating body in uniform circular motion.
- Calculate the centrifugal force on a rotating body in uniform circular motion.
- Calculate the tension in an attachment cord for vertically revolving masses.
- Calculate the speed and period of a conical pendulum.
- Calculate the positions of balancing masses to equalize centrifugal forces.
- Calculate the stress in a rotating flywheel rim.
- Calculate the velocity, acceleration, and accelerating force of a reciprocating component such as a piston driving, or driven from, a crankshaft.
Learning Outcome
Perform calculations involving torque and torsion.
Learning Objectives
- Calculate angular velocity given the angular momentum of a rotating shaft.
- Calculate strain in a solid bar under torsion load.
- Calculate the stress at a given radius in a solid shaft.
- Calculate torsional stress and strain in a hollow shaft.
- Calculate modulus of rigidity and torsional resilience for a solid shaft.
- Calculate the power consumed by torque acting on a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis.
- Calculate maximum and mean torque for solid and hollow shafts of circular cross section.
- Calculate the deflection of a closely coiled helical spring.
Learning Outcome
Perform calculations involving stress, strain, shear forces, and bending moments.
Learning Objectives
- Explain the behavior of stress and strain in solids.
- Calculate single and double shear stress in a solid bar subject to oblique loading.
- Define the modulus of elasticity.
- Calculate stress, strain, and the equivalent modulus of elasticity for a compound bar.
- Calculate stress due to restricted thermal expansion.
- Calculate the elastic strain energy of a solid bar.
- Calculate the instantaneous compression and stress of a solid bar subjected to suddenly applied and shock loads.
- Calculate stresses in pressure vessels due to internal pressure.
- Using the fundamental bending equation, calculate bending moment, moment of inertia, modulus of elasticity, radius of curvature, maximum stress, and location of neutral axis.
- Compare the strengths of beams using the modulus of section.
- Calculate the deflection of a beam under load.
Learning Outcome
Perform calculations involving fluids at rest.
Learning Objectives
- Calculate the relative density of a liquid mixture.
- Calculate the pressure indicated by a manometer.
- Calculate the energy transmitted by a pressurized liquid.
- Calculate the pressure and force on the surfaces of a tank containing non‐mixing liquids.
- Calculate the position of the centre of pressure of a tank containing non‐mixing liquids.
- Explain Archimedes’ principle.
- Calculate the relative density from the buoyant force on a submerged body and its true and apparent weights.
- Calculate the tension and stress in the cable or wire supporting a submerged solid body.
- Calculate the density of a floating body, given the volume of liquid that it displaces.
Learning Outcome
Perform calculations involving fluids in motion.
Learning Objectives
- Explain the equation of continuity.
- Calculate the fluid flow through a valve, given the valve diameter and lift.
- Calculate flow through rectangular and triangular notches.
- Calculate the total energy of a liquid in motion.
- Calculate the pressure in a pipe given the cross‐sectional area and liquid flow rate.
- Calculate the diameter, velocity, and flow through an orifice given the coefficient of discharge.
- Calculate flow through horizontal and vertical venturi given the discharge coefficient.
- Compare the resistance to flow of various liquids due to their viscosity using the velocity gradient and coefficient of viscosity.
- Explain the significance of steady and unsteady liquid flows with regard to Reynold’s number.
- Using Poiseuille’s equation, calculate liquid flow in a pipe and the pressure required for the liquid flow to overcome viscosity.
- Calculate the theoretical head imparted to water by a centrifugal pump.
- Calculate the manometric head and efficiency, and power consumed by a centrifugal pump.
- Calculate the power available from a hydraulic turbine.
- Explain the design and significance of convergent and convergent‐divergent nozzles and calculate the critical pressure of a steam nozzle.
Learning Outcome
Discuss the selection, properties, and stress effects of steel.
Learning Objectives
- Describe the structure of metals.
- Explain the nature and significance of phase changes in iron and steel due to temperature change.
- Explain how alloying elements affect phase changes in steel and state the major alloying elements used in steel.
- Explain the effect of temperature on the tensile strength of steel.
- Explain the criteria for the assessment of materials.
- Explain what creep is, and why it is important to monitor its effects on equipment.
- Explain the methods of stress analysis.
- Explain failure analysis.
Topic 2 Corrosion, Chemistry and Processes
Learning Outcome
Explain the chemistry and processes of corrosion mechanisms.
Learning Objectives
- Explain how atomic and molecular structures affect corrosion.
- Explain the anodic and cathodic processes of corrosion.
- Explain the electromotive force series and galvanic series.
- Explain the effect of polarization.
- Explain corrosion of single metals.
- Explain the processes of crevice corrosion and pitting corrosion.
- Explain the process of microbiologically influenced corrosion.
- Explain the process of stress induced corrosion.
- Explain the processes of erosion‐corrosion.
Learning Outcome
Discuss the mechanisms of corrosion in boilers.
Learning Objectives
- Explain the impact of corrosion.
- Explain the agents of corrosion found in water.
- Explain the mechanisms and significance of magnetite formation and magnetite depletion on boiler tube surfaces.
- Explain the mechanisms and significance of economizer and superheater corrosion.
- Explain the mechanism, identification and significance of flue gas side corrosion of boiler components.
- Explain the mechanism, identification and significance of low temperature corrosion of boiler components.
- Explain the relationship between boiler water chemistry and corrosion of copper alloys in feedwater systems.
- Explain the mechanisms and significance of deaerator cracking and corrosion.
Topic 4 Corrosion Monitoring and Prevention Techniques
Learning Outcome
Explain techniques used to monitor and prevent corrosion.
Learning Objectives
- Describe the methods of monitoring and analyzing corrosion.
- Explain the design, applications, and operation of cathodic protection systems.
- Explain the use of protective coatings for corrosion control.
- Describe the regulatory and safety requirements relating to corrosion monitoring.
- Describe chemical control of corrosion.
Topic 5 Corrosion Prevention Programs
Learning Outcome
Explain corrosion prevention programs.
Learning Objectives
- Explain the corrosion characteristics and susceptibility of engineering materials and their selection for various purposes.
- Describe the chemical, mechanical, and operational factors that are considered in controlling corrosion in steels.
- Describe the chemical, mechanical and operational factors that are considered in controlling corrosion in copper alloys.
- Explain the risks and required precautions involved with chemical cleaning of boiler surfaces.
- Explain the steps taken to reduce waterside and fireside corrosion during dry and wet storage of a boiler.
- Explain the development, components and management of a corrosion prevention program for cooling water systems, including the selection, application and characteristics of biocides.
- Explain the development, components and management of a corrosion prevention program for piping and pressure vessels.
- Explain the development, components and management of a corrosion prevention program for rotating equipment.
Learning Outcome
Discuss the characteristics and applications of coal, oil, and non-conventional gaseous and liquid fuels.
Learning Objectives
- Explain the factors involved in the selection of primary and secondary fuel for a new installation.
- Describe the fuel handling considerations and fuel burning characteristics for non-conventional solid fuels including municipal waste, petroleum coke and biomass.
- Compare the fuel burning characteristics of non-conventional gaseous fuels, including refinery gas, landfill gas, digester gas, carbon monoxide, liquid petroleum gases (LPGs) and acid gases.
- Compare the fuel burning characteristics of black liquor.
- Compare the physical properties and fuel burning characteristics of different grades of oil.
- Describe the considerations for coal cleaning and blending.
- Describe the purpose and process of coal gasification.
- Differentiate between low heating value and high heating value fuels.
- Describe the design and operational considerations for the use of low heating value fuels.
- Explain the economic considerations for fuel selection for multifuel burners.
Learning Outcome
Explain the criteria for burner design and selection.
Learning Objectives
- Describe the general criteria for effective burner design.
- Describe the classes of burner designs, based on the fuel in use.
- Compare the design strategies for mixing fuel and air including: co-flow, cross-flow, flow stream disruption and entrainment.
- Describe the design considerations for a duct burner.
- Sketch a typical multi-nozzle duct burner layout.
- Describe the relationship of burner selection to furnace design.
- Describe the relationship between coal pulverizer selection and burner design.
- Describe burner design methods to reduce noise.
- Explain the principle, significance, application, and design of staged combustion burners, including staged fuel flow and staged air flow burners.
Explain the monitoring and management of potable water and cooling water treatment systems.
- Describe the regulatory requirements for potable water quality and monitoring.
- Describe the parameters and interpretation of potable water analyses.
- Describe the selection and mechanism of oxidation agents.
- Describe the mechanism of ultra‐violet sterilization.
- Explain the components and management of a cooling water treatment program.
- Describe the use and chemistry of biocides in cooling water.
- Describe the use and chemistry of corrosion inhibitors in cooling water.
- Explain the use of chelants in cooling water.
- Explain the use of threshold scale inhibitors in cooling water.
- Explain the use of surfactants, dispersants and biodispersants in cooling water.
